TLE 50
Graphics Science and Arts

Graphic art is to the art of printmaking and drawing. In contemporary usage it refers to the applied trade-skills of a pressman, pre-press technician, or typesetter. The term can include the trades of lithography, serigraphy and bindery, among others. Graphic arts as a trade can be traced back to the first instances of the stamped image or word. bookbinding ,soft bound, hard bound, printing shirts , oslo making is involved in this subject. This subject is really hard for me, but still I do my best to cope all projects for me to pass this subject. Unfortunately I passed it, thank you Lord.



My best project in this subject is the bookbinding. Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching covers to the resulting text-block. Here is a procedure in bookbinding a book:

Step 1Stack your paper neatly in (at least 4) piles of 8 sheets

You are going to be binding your paper in 8 sheet folios. Of course you could do more or less. I have found 8 sheets to be a good number. because you are folding it in half each sheet is going to make 4 pages of your book, so this 8 sheet stack is going to make 32 pages. Your book should have at least 4 or these 8 sheet folios which will therefore make 128 pages.







step 2Fold each stack in half
As neatly as possible and keeping the paper as lined up as possible, fold each pile of 8 sheets in half cross wise.

step 3Unfold the paper and turn over
Making sure you keep the paper nice and straight, unfold each stack of 8 sheets and turn over.

step 4Staple the pages together

Open out your stapler Place the upturned paper stack on top of an eraser (positioned where you want to staple) (which will be about 2 inches from the edge of the page exactly on the crease) and slowly but firmly push down on the stap…

step 5Glue the binding onto the folios

You are now going to make the heart of the book. You have made at least 4 of the 8 sheet / 32 page folios and they need to be stuck together. Firstly , cut a piece of thin fabric to the same length as the page height and about 5 times the thickness of all the folios held together. Hold the folios tightly together and all lined up. Either get a friend to help or clip …

step 6Trim the bound folios

As Fugazzi has pointed out, you may be able to get your bound pages trimmed by a proper guillotine at your local one stop print or copy shop. Failing that read on... If you want (and you don't have to) you can trim the folios a tiny bit. Beware that the first time you do this you might end up making more of a mess of the edge of the paper than if you just left it. It …

step 7Mark and cut out the cover boards

place the bound folios on a piece of stiff card so that the bound edge lines up with one straight edge and then draw round the paper allowing about a quarter of an inch / 5mm border on the three other edges. Cut the card out and then cut a duplicate. Corrugated card is fine as the cover, as is thin foam core (foamboard), but the best kind of card is the stiff card t…

step 8Make the book spine

Loosely assemble the bound paper and the covers. Pressing them together, measure their combined thickness and mark off on a piece of scrap card. Cut the spine so that it is the thickness of the covers and the paper together and the same length as the height of the book covers.

step 9Mark and cut the material

Position the book covers and the spine on the reverse of your chosen fabric or leather and mark out so that there is a border of about 1 inch / 25mm all round. Cut out the material. As already mentioned, you can use any material you want really, although very thick material will be difficult to fold and glue (although, who knows how patient you are?). Actually, I us…

step 10 Glue the cover board and spine in place

Using White glue or rubber solution glue, smear an even coating over the boards and place face down on the wrong side of the material (i.e. the side of the material that you don't normally see, which has the pattern the wrong way round etc etc). Make sure you stick them neatly in a row so that they are aligned with each other and straight and that there is a gap of ab…

TLE 21
Fishery Arts

Fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by some authority to be a fishery.According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features".The definition often includes a combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture.Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.


In this subject, I learned how to eradicate the different microorganism present in the fishpond. Also I can identify now what are the different kinds and names of fish and their scientific name. Also Mr. labadan teach us what are the ways of harvesting of fish. This are the following:
*frying -pulling the pole or stake underwater
*floating rafts- constructed to fit in between bows of stake or bamboo.
*cutting or underlying- done by separating them off the rope.

TLE 60
Basic Carpentry and Plumbing


Carpentry is the art and craft of making and constructing objects out of wood. Carpentry involves on how to construct a house, building or even roads. In this subject, Mr. Arong teach us on how to have a good and perfect construction of house from roof to floor. Also Mr. Arong share us what are the methods and procedure in lay outing a house or a building. He told us that before the construction begins see to it that a permit is secured first from the local authorities. Relocate the boundaries of the construction site. Determine the limit of the boundary of the area. Clear the site of an existing structures , trees and other elements that will destruct the construction work. Construct and allocate a space for laborers quarters construction office bodega for the materials , a working tools and temporary waste disposal. apply for a temporary corrections of electric and water supply. Construct fences around the construct materials that sufficient for the working force to accomplish a week. Also verify the measurement in the plan if the distances indicated are from:
* center to center
* center to outer
* outer to outer
* inside to inside
Also you need fix the batter board to its horizontal position with the aid of a level instrument probably plastic hose with water. Then transfer the intersecting points of the string on the ground by the aid of the plumb bob. After sir Arong shared us the methods and procedure in lay outing then he proceed to teach us what are the different truss of a house, different kinds of roof and also the flooring system.
Flooring system is the platform structure roof is the top covering of a building that serves as a protective covering from weather. Then the trust is a built-up frame . It is a design of a series of triangles used to distribute the load, stiffen the structure and flexibility for the interior spacing as well as the strength and rigidity. The following are the different kinds of truss and roofs.
Different kinds of truss;


*standard howe truss, fun truss, kingpost truss, quennpost truss, double fink truss and the fink truss

Different types of roofs:
* shed or lean to roof, gable of pitch roof, saw tooth roof, double gable roof, hip roof , hip and vallery roof, pyramid roof, gamble roof, oger roof, mansard roof , french or concave mansard roof, dome.

TLE30
Architectural Drafting

An architectural drafting or architect's drawing is a technical drawing of a building (or building project) that falls within the definition of architecture. Architectural drawings are used by architects and others for a number of purposes: to develop a design idea into a coherent proposal, to communicate ideas and concepts, to convince clients of the merits of a design, to enable a building contractor to construct it, as a record of the completed work, and to make a record of a building that already exists.

Architectural drawings are drawn according to a set of conventions, which include particular views (floor plan, section etc.), sheet sizes, units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross referencing. Conventionally, drawings were made in ink on paper or a similar material, and any copies required had to be laboriously made by hand. The twentieth century saw a shift to drawing on tracing paper, so that mechanical copies could be run off efficiently.

An isometric drawing is one of the example of architects drawing. Isometric uses a plan grid at 30 degrees from the horizontal in both directions, which distorts the plan shape. Isometric graph paper can be used to construct this kind of drawing. This view is useful to explain construction details (e.g. three dimensional joints in joinery). The isometric was the standard view until the mid twentieth century, remaining popular until the 1970s.



Isometric drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of an object. The width and depth are both drawn at 30 degree angles.

The following guide will present to you the ways to create an isometric drawing.
You can use a picture of a Three-View drawing to get the dimensions. Using those dimensions you can make a isometric drawing.
Start with the front view and draw the construction lines that you would see from the front view. Make sure you draw these lines back at a 30 degree angle to the left. These would be light lines that overlap that give you an idea of what the drawing would look like. This is not the actual drawing of the object.

Then draw all the depth lines at a 30 degree angle back to the right. Connect all the lines that would be on the top view that you can now see in the isometric.

Now, once you have all the construction lines done, go over and darken the lines that should be the visible lines, the outline of the object. You have to think in 3D to do this. There are not going to be any hidden lines on an isometric drawing.

TLE 90
Basic Electronics

Electronics is the study and use of electrical devices that operate at relatively low voltages by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically-charged particles in devices such as thermionic valves and semiconductors. The pure study of such devices is considered as a branch of physics, while the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is part of the fields of electrical engineering, electronic engineering and computer engineering.

For me, this subject is very difficult. But even though it is a very difficult I still passed it because I did all my best and I know our almighty God will help me to learn something from this subject and help me to passed it. This subject is more on projects, just like in making fullwave DC power supply.




This is a simulation of a simple DC power supply based on a full-wave rectifier.

Use the left slider to adjust the AC line voltage and the right slider to adjust the DC current drawn from the power supply. You can also change the filter capacitance and the transformer turns ratio. Just click on the value with the mouse pointer and edit like any text field.

The transformer steps the line voltage up or down by the "turns ratio", which can be changed. One of the rectifier diodes conducts during the positive half-cycle and the other diode conducts during the negative half-cycle, allowing the filter capacitor to charge during both half-cycles. The load current slightly discharges the filter capacitor between adjacent cycles. The resulting voltage fluctuation (ripple) is one-half what it is with a half-wave rectifier.

TLE 70
Metalworks and Welding

Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures. The term covers a wide range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewellery. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools.

Metalworking is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade. Its historical roots span cultures, civilizations, and millennia. Metalworking has evolved from the discovery of smelting various ores, producing malleable and ductile metal useful for tools and adornments. Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming, cutting or joining processes. Today's machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable of creating a precise, useful workpiece.

Unfortunately, I learn a lot from this subject. Because of Mr. Namoc, I learned how to make a dust pan, I know how used the different kinds of metals and welding tools.
This subject is really a nice. You will enjoy, specially when you are having your laboratory. Just like when we are making our project which is the dust pan,all of us really enjoy it.Even the tools is not enough for us, we still do our best to finish it. We just share the tools and help each other. HHmmm do you want to know the procedure on how to make the dust pan? okey! I will share it to you.

Steps in making a METAL DUST PAN:

1. Prepare a plain sheet.
2. Measure the width and length according to what you like.
3. Cut the plain sheet using the appropriate scissor for cutting plain sheet.

4. Assemble the dust pan and attach holder. The holder can be metal or wood.

TLE 40
Clothing and Grooming


Clothing performs important social and cultural functions. A , for example, may identify civil authority figures, such as police and army personnel, or it may identify team, group or political affiliations. In many societies, norms about clothing reflect standards of modesty, religion, gender, and social status. Clothing may also function as a form of adornment and an expression of personal taste or style.
In this subject learn a lot of things. I learn how to sew different kinds of skirt and many more.Last semester, Mrs.Gabule teach us on how to make a skirt. The following are the materials and procedure on how make a skirt.
Skirt Pattern :
Waist-taken around the smallest waist line .
Hips- taken around the fullest part of the hips.
Skirt length – taken from the waist line down to the desired length of skirt.
Apex distance

Make construction line
AB – skirt line
GI – 4 ½ ”
AC – 7”
AG - ½ ”apex distance minus ½ ”
CE - ¼ hips
GH – 1 ¼ ” - 1 ½ (dart)
BJ- ¼ hips
AP - ¼ waist (excluding GH)
FD - ½ ”
AG + HF - ¼ waist
Materials;
1 1/2 meter cloth (printed pink)
1 spool thread (pink and white)
1 zipper (white)
Procedure:

1. Edge stitch the raw edges.
2. Sew the side pleat.
3. Sew the darts.
4. Sew the (CB) centerr back seam.
5. Attach the zipper.
6. Join the side seams.
7. Prepare and attach the wristband.
8. Sew the hemline.
9. Attach hook and eye.
10. Remove hanging threads.


My finish product:

TLE 10
FOODS-1 (Food Selection, Preparation and Cooking)

Food is any substance or material[1] eaten to provide nutritional support for the body or for pleasure. It usually consists of plant or animal origin, that contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals, and is ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life.
In food preparation you need to select a good quality of vegetables, meat,fish and etc.when you are going to prepare a food. Good quality of ingredients makes your product delicious and presentable.Like in cooking embutido, ypu need to buy a good quality of ingredients. When I was a first year student our teacher tell or share us something on how to select good quality of ingredients and how teach cook. The following are the materials , ingredients and procedure in cooking embutido.



Materials;
knife, chopping board, casserole,mixing bowl, measuring spoon,cup and glass, utility plate, tray

Ingredients;

1/2 lbs. ground port
1 big red bell pepper chopped
1/2 lbs. Hotdog, chopped
1/2 cup grated cheese
1 onion, chopped
2 hard boiled eggs
1/2 cup flour
2 eggs
1/2 cup whole pickles
1/2 cup chopped raisins
1 pc. finely chop chorizo
salt and pepper to taste

Procedure:

1.Mix all the ingredients together except for raw eggs, pickles, hard-boiled eggs and hotdog.

2.Season well and add raw eggs and mix thouroughly.

3.Take a piece of cheese cloth and sprea the mixture. Arrange pickles, hard-boiled eggs and hotdog on pork mixture.

4.Roll and wrap.

5.Tie both ends and sew up opening
Cover with broth and simmer until done.

6.Cool, unwrap and slice before serving with ketchup.

TLE 50
Basic Electricity

Basic electricity is described in many ways. When an electric circuit flows through a conductor, a magnetic field (or "flux") develops around the conductor. The highest flux density occurs when the conductor is formed into a coil having many turns. In electronics and basic electricity, a coil is usually known as an inductor. If a steady DC current is run through the coil, you would have an electromagnet - a device with the properties of a conventional magnet, except you can turn it on or off by placing a switch in the circuit.

Basic Electrical Theory
There are four basic electrical quantities that we need to know:

* Current
* Potential Difference (Voltage)
* Power
* Resistance

Electrical Current
Current is a flow of charge. Each electron carries a charge of 1.6 × 10-19 coulombs. This is far too small to be any use, so we consider electricity to flow in packets called coulombs. When there is a flow of 1 coulomb per second, a current of 1 amp is flowing. Current is measured in ampères, or amps (A).

Potential Difference
Potential difference is often referred to as voltage. There are several ways of defining voltage; the correct physics definition is energy per unit charge, in other words, how big a job of work each lump of charge can do.


Power in a Circuit
Power in a circuit can be worked out using the simple relationship:
Power (W) = Voltage (V) × Current (A)

Electrical Resistance
This is the opposition to the flow of an electric current.There's reciprocity in the interaction between electron flow and magnetism. If you sweep one pole of a magnet quickly past an electrical conductor (at a right angle to it), a voltage will be momentarily "induced" in the conductor. The polarity of the voltage will depend upon which pole of the magnet you're using, and in which direction it sweeps past the conductor.

When we are second year college, first semester Mr. Abella teach us on how to make the circuit connection.Circuit Connection supports requirements for short-run, quick turn to volume requirements of printed circuit assemblies as well as customized integrated manufacturing services that includes sheet metal fabrication, precision machining, electromechanical assembly, process coating, as well as wiring harnesses and cables. We also provide complete box-build including packaging and distribution. Also Mr. Abella teach us on how to make the different kinds of splices and joints.

TLE 12
Food 3(Food Processing)

Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by humans or animals either in the home or by the food processing industry. Food processing typically takes clean, harvested crops or butchered animal products and uses these to produce attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products.

Food processing is really fun. I am pretty sure that you will really enjoy when you are going to preserve fruits and foods.Preserving fresh fruit produce from your garden is a fine art, but it's easy to learn. Fresh fruits and vegetables can be dried, canned, pickled, frozen, or made into jams, jellies, relish, and preserves. If you’re new to preserving or you don't know the best way to preserve your bounty for winter eating, this article can help set you on the right direction.

Last semester Mrs. Emila teach us on how to preserve some fruits. Mango jam, pineapple jam are best example on preserving fruits. The following are the materials, ingredients and procedure to be follow.

Materials;
container,knife, spatula,mixing bowl, wooden ladle, measuring spoon and cup

Ingredients:
* 1 very ripe pineapple, producing around 1/2 lb/ 250 g pineapple flesh
* 1/2 cup water
* 4 oz/ 125g sugar
* Pinch of agar agar powder or gelatin
* Drop of yellow food coloring, if desired

Procedure:
1. Cut the pineapple and discard the core.
2. Chop the pineapple.
3. Cook the pineapple with the water in a saucepan on low heat until the flesh is very soft, around 30 minutes. Stir the pineapple constantly.
4. Add the sugar and stir to mix. Cook until the sugar is completely dissolved.
5. Add the agar powder or gelatin and the yellow food coloring, if using.
6. Turn off the heat. Transfer to a glass jar and seal tightly.

TLE 15
Baking
Food 2

Baking is the technique of prolonged cooking of food by dry heat acting by convection, and not by radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones.It is primarily used for the preparation of bread, cakes, pastries and pies, tarts, quiches, cookies and crackers. Such items are sometimes referred to as "baked goods," and are sold at a bakery. A person who prepares baked goods as a profession is called a baker. It is also used for the preparation of baked potatoes, baked apples, baked beans, some casseroles and pasta dishes such as lasagna, and various other foods, such as the pretzel.

Many commercial ovens are provided with two heating elements: one for baking, using convection and conduction to heat the food, and one for broiling or grilling, heating mainly by radiation. Meat may also be baked, but this is usually reserved for meatloaf, smaller cuts of whole meats, and whole meats that contain stuffing or coating such as breadcrumbs or buttermilk batter; larger cuts prepared without stuffing or coating are more often roasted, a similar process, using higher temperatures and shorter cooking times. Baking can sometimes be combined with grilling to produce a hybrid barbecue variant, by using both methods simultaneously or one before the other, cooking twice. Baking is connected to barbecuing because the concept of the masonry oven is similar to that of a smoke pit.

The baking process does not require any fat to be used to cook in an oven. Some makers of snacks such as potato chips or crisps have produced baked versions of their snack items as an alternative to the usual cooking method of deep-frying in an attempt to reduce the calorie or fat content of their snack products.

When I was a first year college student Mrs. cambari teach us on how to be the different kinds of cakes, patries and breads. Here is one recipe on how to bake cake.The following are the materials, ingredients and procedure on how bake an orange chiffon cake.

Materials needed:
spatula , mixing bowl , oven
utility tray , strainer , utility plate
measuring cup,spoon,glass, tester bread , electric mixer
,
Ingredients;
6 large eggs, separated plus 1 additional egg white
2 1/4 cups (225 grams) sifted cake flour
1 1/2 cups (300 grams) superfine white (castor) sugar
1 tablespoon baking powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/2 cup (120 ml) vegetable oil or safflower oil
3/4 cup (180 ml) freshly squeezed orange juice (2 - 3 large Navel Oranges)
2 tablespoons (10 grams) orange zest
1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract

Procedure;
1.Separate the eggs and place the whites in one bowl and the yolks in another. Cover with plastic wrap and bring them to room temperature (about 30 minutes).

2.Preheat the oven to 325 degrees F (170 degrees C) and have ready a 10 inch (25 cm) two piece tube pan (ungreased).

3.In the bowl of your electric mixer, fitted with the paddle attachment, place the flour, sugar (minus 3 tablespoons (42 grams)), baking powder, and salt. Beat until combined. Make a well in the center of the flour mixture and add the egg yolks, oil, orange juice, orange zest, and vanilla extract. Beat about one minute or until smooth.

4.In a separate bowl, with the whisk attachment, beat the egg whites until foamy. Add the cream of tartar and continue to beat until soft peaks form. Gradually beat in the remaining 3 tablespoons (42 grams) of sugar and beat until stiff peaks form. With a large rubber spatula or wire whisk, gently fold the egg whites into the batter just until blended (being careful not to deflate the batter).

5.Pour the batter into the ungreased tube pan and bake for about 55 to 60 minutes, or until a wooden skewer inserted into the center of the cake comes out clean. (When lightly pressed the cake will spring back). Immediately upon removing the cake from the oven invert the pan and place on a bottle or flat surface so it is suspended over the counter. Let the cake cool completely before removing from pan (about 1 1/2 - 2 hours).

6.To remove the cake from the pan, run a long metal spatula around the inside of the tube pan and center core. Invert onto a greased wire rack.
Can store in an airtight container for a few days at room temperature or for about a week in the refrigerator. This cake can also be frozen for a couple of months.

TLE 20
Agricultural Arts

Agricultural arts is the art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and the rearing and management of live stock; tillage; husbandry; farming. Agricultural also is one of the most important areas of technology and livelihood education.
When I was a second year college students, Mrs Putis teach us on how to make an organic fertilizer. Mrs. Putis teach us on how make an organic fertilizer( BOKASHI) because she knows or we all know that our country now is facing a predicament and affects all sectors of the economy especially agriculture. Farming is the most common source of living among Filipinos. In that case, Filipino farmers use a lot of alternatives to lessen expenses and be more productive. In making this organic fretilizer you don't need to spend more money.
Bokashi is an organic fertilizer that used to loosen hard clay soils and as in effective treatment that will re-establish the natural soil ph balance. Bokashi is an organic fertilizer applied to the soil releases calcium , sulfur (sulfur in the sulfate form), micro nutrients, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K), promoting the formation of the natural nutrients in the soil. The calcium in the BOKASHI removes and replaces sodium taht heldin the soil. Sodium is then leached from the soil as sodium sulfate. The good thing about Bokashi is, it may be used for large farms such as orchards , sugarcane plantations, rice paddies or cornfields at the fraction of the price of chemical fertilizers. Using Bokashi will improve sol condition, and after using it for several years, there will come a time when the farm will be weaned out of chemicals.

The following are the materials needed and the procedure.


Materials:
charcolized rice hull
copra meal
molasses
EME
water

Procedure:
1. Gather all the materials .
2. After the naterials has been gathered, mix all the dry ingredients materials and make a well at the center lke a cement.
3. In the well, mix all the molasses, EME, and water .
4. Then store the BOKASHI on a scaled container and ferment it for 2 weeks.

TLE 51


Handicraft, also known as craft work or simply craft, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools. Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods. The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount criterion, such items often have cultural and/or religious significance. Items made by mass production or machines are not handicrafts.

Usually, what distinguishes the term handicraft from the frequently used category arts and crafts is a matter of intent: handicraft items are intended to be used, worn, etc, having a purpose beyond simple decoration. Handicrafts are generally considered more traditional work, created as a necessary part of daily life, while arts and crafts implies more of a hobby pursuit and a demonstration/perfection of a creative technique. In practical terms, the categories have a great deal of overlap.

Last semester our teacher Mrs. Nonita Emila teach us on how to make a Stuff Toy through hand making. The following are the materials to be use and the procedure on how to make it.


Materials:
1/4m. flash cloth
1set accesories(2 pairs of eyes,nose with lock white)
1pc./spool thread
1pc.chipboard
1/4kl.codel
1m.ribbon
1/2m.floral cellophane

Procedure:
1. Assemble tools and materials needed.
2. Prepare the pattern.
3. Trace the pattern at the back of the flash cloth.
4. Cut the traced cloth.
5. Assemble the parts.
6. Attach the eyes and nose.
7. Stuff the codel to form the stuffed toy.
8. Sew the opening and finishing touches.,

My finished product: